Study | Location | Participant Number | Implementation Period | Timepoints of Data Collected and Used by this Meta-Analysis | Study Breastfeeding Definitions | Main Intervention Delivery Mode | Main Intervention Component | Intervention |
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Bunik 2010 | Single urban hospital in Colorado, US. | 341 (I = 161, C = 180). | Postpartum (2w) | AB = 1 m, 3 m, 6 m | AB = ‘Any breastfeeding’, including ‘Predominant breastfeeding’ (< 4 oz formula daily) | TC | E | Daily educational calls from nurses using predetermined script addressing potential physical problems, benefits of breastfeeding, milk storage and alternative feeding and maternal health. |
Efrat 2015 | Five community health clinics in Los Angeles, US | 289 (I = 146, C = 143) | Antenatal (four calls during third trimester) Postpartum (6 m) | EB = 1 m, 3 m, 6 m AB = 1 m, 3 m, 6 m | EB = ‘baby never received water, formula, folk remedies, or other foods’ since birth AB = At least once since birth, infant received water, formula, folk remedies or another food | TC | E | Four prenatal calls and seventeen postpartum calls by lactation educators. |
Fiks 2017 | Two obstetric clinics in Philadelphia, US | 87 (I = 43, C = 44) | Antenatal (2 m) Postpartum (9 m) | EB = 6 m AB = 6 m | EB = Currently exclusively breastfeeding (undefined) AB = Ever breastfed (undefined) | Complex– multi-component interactive online group | C | Facilitated Facebook group of 7–13 mothers with online activities for 11 m, including weekly educational videos and psychologist led online support groups. |
Martinez-Brockman 2018 | Health centre, teaching hospital and two community agencies in Connecticut US | 174 (I = 94, C = 80) | Antenatal (from 28w) Postpartum (3 m) | EB = 3 m AB = 3 m | EB = Consumption of only breastmilk AB = ‘Partial breastfeeding’ where infant received ‘breastmilk and formula but no solids. ‘ | TM | E | Routine ‘Loving Support’ peer counselling alongside scheduled TM (< 160 characters). |
Palacios 2018 | 4 WIC clinics in Hawaii (HI) and 2 in Puerto Rico (PR) | 202 (I = 102, C = 200) | Antenatal and Postpartum Total duration = 4 m | AB = 3 m | EB = Consumption of only breastmilk AB = Partial breastfeeding (undefined). | TM | E | 18 w of bidirectional weekly TM (35–50 words). |
Pugh 2002 | Urban hospitals, US | 41 (I = 21, C = 20) | Postpartum (6 m) | EB = 3 m, 6 m AB = 1 m, 3 m, 6 m | EB = ‘Exclusive (undefined) AB = Nonexclusive breastfeeding (undefined) | TC | PS | Daily visits from a nurse whilst in hospital and three home visits (1,2 and 4w postpartum). Biweekly telephone support from a community-based peer counsellor for 8w, then weekly for four more months. |
Pugh 2010 | Two urban hospitals in United states | 328 (I = 168, C = 160) | Postpartum (6 m) | AB = 3 m, 6 m | AB = ‘Infant receiving breast milk within the last 24 h’ | TC | PS | Daily hospital visits by support team until discharge, followed by three 60 min home visits within a month. Minimum biweekly TC for 6 m by a peer counsellor and 24 h nurse access through telephone helpline. |
Reeder 2014 | Two rural and two urban clinics, Oregon, US | 1948 separated into three arms (intense = 625, low intensity = 625, C = 635). | Antenatal (2 calls) Postpartum (low intensity = 2w, high intensity = 4 m) | EB = 1 m, 3 m, 6 m AB = 1 m, 3 m, 6 m | EB = Breastfeeding and not using formula. AB =Formula or solids introduced to child’s diet | TC | PS | Peer councillor support with two intervention intensities: Low intensity = 4 scheduled postpartum TC High intensity = low intensity plus 4 additional calls 1,2,3 and 4 m after delivery. |
Srinivas 2015 | Single urban antenatal clinic, US | 120 (I = 50, C = 53, lost at 1 m = 17) | Postpartum (4 m) | EB = 1 m, 6 m AB = 1 m, 6 m | EB = ‘Only breastfeeding or breast milk feeding since birth’ AB = Infant started breastfeeding but not receiving exclusively breast milk. | TC | PS | Peer counselling mainly provided through phone calls. Contact scheduled once antenatally, within 5 days of delivery, weekly for 4w, biweekly between 4-12w and once at 4 m. |